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The Names of the Muscles Can Indicate All of the Following, Except

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11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles

Taking the fourth dimension to learn the Latin and Greek roots of the words is crucial to understanding the vocabulary of anatomy and physiology. When y'all sympathize the names of muscles it volition help you remember where the muscles are located and what they do (Figure xi.3.1, Figure 11.iii.2, and Table 11.2).

The top panel shows the anterior view of the human body with the major muscles labeled. The bottom panel shows the posterior view of the human body with the major muscles labeled.
Figure 11.3.1 – Overview of the Muscular Organisation: On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the correct side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left one-half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.
This table shows two examples of muscle names and how to translate them based on their Latin roots. The first row uses abductor digiti minimi as an example. The word abductor comes from the Latin roots ab, which means away from, and duct, which means to move. Therefore an abductor is a muscle that moves away from something. The word digiti comes from the Latin root digititus, which means digit and refers to a finger or toe. The word minimi comes from the Latin root minimus, which means minimum, tiny, or little. Therefore, the abductor digiti minimi is a muscle that moves the little finger or toe away. The second row uses the adductor digiti minimi as an example. The word adductor comes from the Latin root ad, which means to or toward, and duct, which means to move. Therefore an adductor is a muscle that moves toward something. As with the abductor digiti minimi, digiti refers to a finger or toe and minimi refers to something that is little. Therefore the adductor digiti minimi is a muscle that moves the little finger or toe forward.
Figure 11.32 – Understanding a Muscle Name from the Latin: Here are two examples of how root words depict the location and function of muscles
Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots (Tabular array 11.2)
Example Latin or Greek Translation Mnemonic Device
ad to; toward ADvance toward your goal
ab away from n/a
sub nether SUBmarines move under water.
ductor something that moves A usher makes a train motion.
anti against If yous are hating, you are against engaging in social activities.
epi on top of n/a
apo to the side of n/a
longissimus longest "Longissimus" is longer than the word "long."
longus long long
brevis short brief
maximus large max
medius medium "Medius" and "medium" both brainstorm with "med."
minimus tiny; picayune mini
rectus straight To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out.
multi many If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors.
uni 1 A UNIcorn has ane horn.
bi/di ii If a ring is DIcast, information technology is made of two metals.
tri 3 TRIple the amount of coin is iii times every bit much.
quad four QUADruplets are four children born at one birth.
externus outside EXternal
internus within INternal

Anatomists name the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the musculus in some way. These include naming the muscle later its shape, size, fiber direction, location, number of origins or its action.

  • The names of some muscles reverberate their shape. For case, the deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that covers the shoulder. It is then-named because the Greek alphabetic character delta is a triangle.
  • The skeletal muscle's anatomical location or its relationship to a particular bone often determines its proper name. For instance, the frontalis musculus is located on top of the frontal bone of the skull. Other examples are muscles of the arm that include the term brachii (of the arm).
  • For the buttocks, the size of the muscles influences the names: gluteus maximus (largest), gluteus medius (medium), and the gluteus minimus (smallest). Another case are the pectoral muscles includingmajor orminor.
  • Names are ofttimes used to indicate length—brevis (brusk), longus (long)
  • Some muscles indicate their positions relative to the midline: lateralis (to the exterior away from the midline), and medialis (toward the midline).
  • The management of the muscle fibers and fascicles are used to draw muscles. For instance, the abdominal muscles all indicated the direction of the fibers such as the rectus (straight), theobliques (at an bending) and the transverse (horizontal) muscles of the abdomen.
  • Some muscle names indicate the number of muscles in a group. 1 example of this is the quadriceps, a group of four muscles located on the anterior (forepart) thigh.
  • Other muscle names can provide information every bit to how many origins a item muscle has, such every bit the biceps brachii. The prefix bi indicates that the muscle has 2 origins and tri indicates three origins.
  • The location of a muscle's attachment can as well appear in its name. When the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named showtime. For instance, the sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck has a dual origin on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido), and it inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
  • The final characteristic by which to proper name a muscle is its activeness. When muscles are named for the motion they produce, one can find activity words in their proper name. Some examples are flexors (decrease the bending at the articulation), extensors (increment the bending at the joint), abductors (move the os away from the midline), or adductors (move the bone toward the midline).

Chapter Review

Muscle names are based on many characteristics. The location of a muscle in the torso is important. Some muscles are named based on their size and location, such as the gluteal muscles of the buttocks. Other muscle names tin point the location in the torso or bones with which the muscle is associated, such as the tibialis anterior. The shapes of some muscles are distinctive; for case, the management of the muscle fibers is used to describe muscles of the body midline. The origin and/or insertion tin can likewise be features used to name a muscle; examples are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and the pectoralis major.

Review Questions

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Describe the unlike criteria that contribute to how skeletal muscles are named.

Glossary

abductor
moves the os away from the midline
adductor
moves the bone toward the midline
bi
two
brevis
short
extensor
muscle that increases the angle at the articulation
flexor
musculus that decreases the angle at the articulation
lateralis
to the exterior
longus
long
maximus
largest
medialis
to the inside
medius
medium
minimus
smallest
oblique
at an angle
rectus
straight
tri
three

Solutions

Answers for Critical Thinking Questions

  1. In anatomy and physiology, many word roots are Latin or Greek. Portions, or roots, of the word give the states clues nigh the function, shape, action, or location of a muscle.

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Source: https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/11-3-explain-the-criteria-used-to-name-skeletal-muscles/

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